Eine kurze Geschichte der Archivpartnerschaft Konstanz-Pittsburgh
Die Geschichte aus Pittsburgher Sicht
By Lance Lugar, Curator, Archives of Scientific Philosophy – October 2020
Reasons, Timing and First Collections for the Archive
This essay will present a brief history of the Archives of Scientific Philosophy (ASP) held by the University of Pittsburgh Library System from its founding in the early 1970s as a research unit of the University Library System to the present. The intent will be to consider the reasons for the founding of the archive, to examine the initial goals, collection policies, and first acquisitions that led to its establishment as well as examining the evolution of these elements over time. The context of the founding will also be discussed as an important element of the final form of the ASP. It will then take up the way in which the evolution of the policies for acquisition allowed the ASP to expand its areas of acquisition enabling it to accommodate the evolution of philosophy of science in the later 20th century and thus to continue to be a useful teaching and research resource for the Departments of Philosophy and of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. This nuancing of the acquisition parameters then allowed the ASP to continue to fulfill the goals of the founders. The initial thematic emphases for the collection and the subsequent expansion of that collection goal will be examined to show how they reflected the growth and development of philosophy of science during the 20th century. A brief précis of the component collections and the history of their acquisition will be presented.
ESTABLISHMENT
The Archives for Scientific Philosophy (ASP) at the University of Pittsburgh was founded in 1974 as a research-oriented unit within the University Library System. From the beginning, the ASP was intended to be and designed to become a useful research and teaching resource for the Departments of Philosophy and History and Philosophy of Science. Hence establishing a solid core of materials from important philosophers from the early part of the 20th century and then expanding the collection size and importance by acquiring late 20th century philosophers with a coherent program of philosophical inquiry related to the early logical positivists would functionally expand its utility by providing materials illustrating the development of philosophical thought about the nature of science and scientific thought in the later 20th and early 21st century. The decision of what to collect – of which philosophers and historians of science to acquire for the ASP – therefore would reflect not only the philosophical and historical importance of various lines of thought in 20th century philosophy, but also would direct the choices of what to acquire subsequently.
The founding of the ASP was an element of the transformation of the Department of Philosophy and Department of History and Philosophy of Science into world renowned departments that were among the most distinguished in the profession. This transformation was engineered by faculty members of the two departments, such as Adolf Grünbaum, Nicholas Rescher, Larry Laudan, and Kurt Baier. These faculty members were strong supporters of the establishment of the ASP. The transformation entailed philosophers of the stature of Wilfrid Sellars, Alan Ross Anderson, and other leading philosophical thinkers joining the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh.
The first archival collection acquired was that of the philosopher Rudolf Carnap. This acquisition was a result of the collection policy formulated for the ASP regarding the topical focus of the collection; the initial collections were to be of papers from the major European philosophers who founded Logical Positivism – Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach notably among them.
Hence it was a straightforward move to acquire the archival papers of Hans Reichenbach as a second acquisition for the newly founded ASP as Reichenbach was the leading light and founder of the Berlin School in philosophy of science. The Berlin School was importantly involved in the development of logical positivism.
Both Carnap and Reichenbach were not only leading original thinkers in 20th century philosophy but also teachers and mentors to many important thinkers of subsequent academic generations. The lineages established have continued to shape philosophy of science to the present day.
The choice of Logical Positivism’s founding philosophers as a starting point.
Logical Positivism was an important 20th century philosophical movement – perhaps the most important intellectual current in early and middle 20th century philosophy of science. The basic ideas that characterize the school arose in the early part of the 20th century and reached the height of its influence in Europe in the period spanning the late 1920s through the early 1930s. It was initially centered in Austria and Germany with the principal centers of activity in Vienna and Berlin. One group of the founding figures including philosophers such as Rudolf Carnap were part of the Vienna Circle, but another important group centered around Hans Reichenbach who, together with Carl Gustav Hempel, were principal figures in the Berlin School – which at that time was termed the Society for Empirical Philosophy. Logical Positivism flourished in Europe for over a decade and a half following the First World War. The rise of the Nazi party to prominence in Germany in 1933 eventually caused many of the leading thinkers of the movement to leave Germany and Austria. Many of these émigrés found their way to the United States. They had an important influence on American philosophy and philosophy of science starting in the late 1930s and continuing to the present day.
In addition to the importance of Logical Positivism and the relative ease of acquisition of such materials, the University Pittsburgh had other reasons to acquire material documenting the history of Logical Positivism. One of these would be the circumstance that the philosophers involved, especially Carnap, Reichenbach, and Hempel were exploring ideas in philosophy of science that had been of interest and concern to earlier philosophers such as Kant. Hence, they were not only important ideas in philosophy, but central questions to the endeavors in philosophy of science since the late 18th century. This continuity was important to the founders because many of the University of Pittsburgh faculty in Philosophy and History and Philosophy of Science were either members of the Berlin School or were pupils of Hans Reichenbach – Wesley Salmon was a prominent example of a pupil and Carl Gustav Hempel was a member of the Berlin School who spent time at the University of Pittsburgh.
One of the principal projects of the Logical Positivists and the Berlin School thinkers was the placing of philosophy of science on a rigorous linguistic foundation. This entailed, in their view, creation of a language free from the ambiguities and imprecision of ordinary language; hence putting philosophical language into a mathematical form as establishing a way of creating unambiguous and clear communication was a primary objective.
- Vienna Circle: The Vienna Circle was a group of philosophers including Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Kurt Gödel, Otto Neurath and others who participated in the group founded by Moritz Schlick. Among the most distinguished philosophically oriented scientists and scientifically oriented philosophers (Josh Eisenthal) they were exploring ways to move the philosophy of science in a direction that enabled it to create a language for science that was free from the ambiguities of ordinary language as possible – to achieve this goal they worked to create a language rooted in the discipline of Logic.
- Berlin Group: Hans Reichenbach also formed a group of philosophers who met to discuss topics in philosophy of science. Their interests and intent ran parallel to the goals of the Vienna Circle, although Reichenbach and Carnap had slightly different approaches to the solution.
Both groups were interested in absorbing the lessons of Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity as a way of considering the major questions of philosophy of science.
Hence a long-term goal of the collecting policy of the ASP was to include the archival papers of as many members of the Vienna Circle and the Berlin Group as possible. The acquisition of the Carnap, Reichenbach, and Hempel papers fit easily into this collecting goal. Other archives, such as the Ramsey Archive, represent philosophers and philosophers of science whose work was important to the early development of 20th century philosophy who were not necessarily logical positivists in all respects, yet who were within the developing analytic tradition.
Who was involved in the founding of the ASP?
The establishment of the ASP was a coordinated effort of prominent professors from several departments, principally the University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Philosophy and the History and Philosophy of Science Department. One aspect of the founding was the intent to provide a resource that would facilitate research on prominent philosophers who founded the Vienna-based Logical Positivists, such as Rudolf Carnap and the Berlin School’s Hans Reichenbach. Professors from the department of Philosophy, such as Nicholas Rescher, Kurt Baier, and Adolf Grünbaum were involved from the beginning of the process and were central to its success.
Faculty members from other departments were also involved in the founding of the ASP. As the logical positivists regarded physics as the pre-eminent science, members of the Physics faculty, such as Allen Janis, a prominent relativity theorist, were also involved in the discussions.
As the ASP unit was to be activated as a working department within the University Library System, there needed to be extensive involvement of both senior ULS administrators and specialist library faculty members.
Order of collection acquisition
Carnap: The initial plan for the acquisition of materials for the ASP, as mentioned above, involved acquiring the professional archives of one of the most important philosophers of science of the 20th century – Rudolf Carnap. Born in Germany, Carnap studied logic with Gottlob Frege and was strongly influenced by Bertrand Russell’s Principia Mathematica. The Carnap papers are the founding papers of the ASP and were acquired as a result of negotiations that took place during 1974 by representatives of the University of Pittsburgh and the owner of the papers – Hannah Thost, who was Carnap’s daughter.
Reichenbach: Hans Reichenbach was one of the most prominent figures in the Logical Empiricists of the Berlin school. At the time of the early development of the Logical Positivist movement, he was associated with the University of Berlin. There, the group called itself the Society for Empirical Philosophy. While the goals of the Society for Empirical Philosophy were congruent with the goals of the Vienna Circle, there were some philosophic differences.
Ramsey: Frank Plumpton Ramsey was a British philosopher whose work in mathematics, economics, and philosophy has been of fundamental importance up to the present day. He was highly regarded by Ludwig Wittgenstein and was, in addition to being a first rank philosopher in his own right, instrumental in helping Wittgenstein to move to Cambridge to continue teaching.
Rand: Rose Rand’s collection is an important addition to the ASP’s holdings. Trained as philosopher in Vienna, Rand kept meticulous and copious notes about meetings of the members of the Vienna Circle and provides a valuable sociological record of their doings. Her Nachlass has also become an important resource in studying topics such as women’s roles in the sciences in the 1930s in Europe and other aspects of women’s history.
Second Stage – Expansion of Criteria to accompany evolution of 20th century HPS
As the discipline of philosophy of science evolved in the latter half of the 20th century, Logical Positivism was succeeded by other, sometimes descendent, schools of philosophy, such as Natural Language philosophy. Many themes and tenets of Logical Positivism were developed, questioned, and challenged. The ASP has broadened its criteria in order to maintain the original goal of the founders of the ASP; the goal is still to provide a research collection of value to the education of graduate students in philosophy and in the history and philosophy of science as well as a resource for researchers in philosophy, history, and history of philosophy.
New Criteria allowed for the ASP
As the ASP evolved, the selection criteria changed. Following Nicholas Rescher’s explication of the Berlin School and its lineage in academic philosophy, it seemed reasonable to acquire thinkers who were either later members of the Berlin School or were students of members, both junior and senior, of the Berlin School. Hence several philosophers, such as Hempel, Jeffrey, and Rescher, were straightforward examples of important philosophers who might add to the strength of the collection.
While the first collections policy emphasized the acquisition of papers that would document the origin and early evolution of the Logical Positivist movement and the contributions of its founding thinkers working in Vienna and Berlin, it was soon found that it was desirable to add the papers of philosophers who had views that were either descended from, related to, but sometimes significantly at variance with those of the Logical Positivists from the Vienna Circle and Berlin Group. While this initially focused on thinkers who were trained by the first logical positivists or their intellectual lineal descendants, it was also deemed advisable to acquire the papers of thinkers whose intellectual connections with these thinkers were important either as influences or as representatives of positions taken in opposition to those advocated by the Logical positivists.
In addition, in an article on the Berlin School that formed around Hans Reichenbach, Nicholas Rescher pointed out the strong connection between the members of the Berlin School and many of the philosophers of science gathered at the University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Philosophy and Department of History and Philosophy of Science; this link was rooted in their membership in a lineage of thinkers who were either members of the Berlin School or as pupils of these members. This linking suggested that by acquiring the papers of thinkers who had strong connections to the Vienna Circle and Berlin School philosophers, and their academic descendants, the Archive could begin to document the transition away from Logical Positivism that had begun in the 1960s.
One of the most important later acquisitions was the archival material of Wilfrid S. Sellars. Most straightforwardly this follows from the nature of Sellars’ work: for a time Sellars developed ideas that were directly involved in creating a philosophy with roots in 20th century analytic philosophy and logical positivism. Sellars is often regarded as one of leading epistemologists of the 20th century and his entire body of work established him as one of the two or three most important American philosophers of the 20th century. He represents a group of thinkers who did not necessarily accept the basic precepts and goals of logical positivism but interacted fruitfully with it.
For the same reasons that motivated the inclusion of the Sellars papers, when it became possible in the 1980s for the ASP to acquire the complete scientific archival materials of the very important British philosopher Frank Ramsey, Dr. Nicholas Rescher arranged to add these papers to the ASP as Ramsey had contributed valuable work to early 20th century that was developmentally connected to later work in Logical Positivism and the thought of philosophers in the Berlin School lineage.
One of the most active and important areas of late 20th and early 21st century Philosophy of Science has been the sub-discipline of philosophy of biology. Since the year 2000, the ASP has added the archival papers of David Hull, Elizabeth Lloyd, and Lindley Darden which gives the ASP a strength in 20th century philosophy of biology. Both archives are extensive and provide material important to historians of philosophy of science, and to other scholars.
Three other recent major acquisitions are the correspondence and related material of philosopher of science, Ernest Nagel, the archive of philosopher Adolf Grünbaum, and the papers of Nuel Belnap. Nagel's eminence is reflected in the wide array of correspondents in his archival holdings; philosophers, scientists and historians who shaped philosophy of science, physics, mathematics and other important areas of 20th century thought are represented, often with extensive exchanges in the correspondence. Adolf Grünbaum's important work in the philosophy of space and time, of physics, of psychoanalysis, as well as his work in many other areas are extensively documented from working papers, calculations, autograph drafts, correspondence, and other artifacts such as notebooks.
Die Geschichte aus Konstanzer Sicht
Ein Zeugnis von Gereon Wolters, ehem. Direktor des Philosophischen Archivs.
Vorgeschichte
Im Jahre 1978 führten Peter Schroeder-Heister (jetzt Tübingen) als Doktorand und ich als frisch gebackener Postdoc ein DFG Projekt „Katalogisierung und inhaltliche Erschließung des wissenschaftlichen Nachlasses von Hugo Dingler (1881-1954)“ durch. Angeregt wurde dieses Projekt dadurch, dass die Mehrzahl der Konstanzer Professoren damals wissenschaftlich der „Erlanger Schule des methodischen Konstruktivismus“ verbunden war. Sie wird deswegen gelegentlich auch „Erlangen-Konstanzer Schule“ genannt wird. Diese Schule, begründet von Paul Lorenzen (1915-1994) und Wilhelm Kamlah (1905-1976), baute in ihrer wissenschaftstheoretischen Konzeption auf dem Werk Dinglers auf. Sie stellt die vielleicht bedeutendste Alternative zum Logischen Empirismus und seiner Weiterentwicklung in der heutigen analytischen Wissenschaftsphilosophie dar. In der Wohnung von Dinglers Witwe Martha (1913-1982) in Aschaffenburg sichteten Schroeder und ich einige Wochen lang den umfangreichen Nachlass Dinglers und kopierten wissenschaftlich relevante Teile auf einem eigens dazu gemieteten Kopierer. Die Kopien brachten wir nach Konstanz. Die Lektüre von Dinglers Tagebüchern weckte in mir den Verdacht, dass es sich bei den die Relativitätstheorie ablehnenden Texten des Physikers und Philosophen Ernst Mach (1838-1916) um Fälschungen handle. In dem daraus resultierenden Habilitationsprojekt wollte ich möglicherweise weitere Nachlässe aus der Umgebung Dinglers und zusätzlich unbekannte Machiana identifizieren.
Das PAUK entsteht
Es war mein Doktorvater Jürgen Mittelstraß, der mir sagte, ich solle doch mit der Kopie des Dingler-Nachlasses den Aufbau eines Archivs beginnen. Ich wäre nie auf diese Idee gekommen und so kann Mittelstraß als Begründer des Philosophischen Archivs der Universität Konstanz (PAUK) gelten, das sich im Jahr 1979 allerdings noch bescheiden „Dingler-Archiv“ nannte und kaum mehr als ein Lagerraum für Dokumente darstellte. In den folgenden Jahren wuchs das Archiv durch eine Reihe von Akquisitionen, die wie vorher mit meinen eigenen Forschungsaktivitäten verbunden waren, darunter Familiendokumente von Carnaps Sohn Johannes. Die wichtigste war jedoch der Nachlass von Hans Jonas (1903-1993), dessen Übergabe ich 1989 mit Jonas vereinbaren konnte.
Institutionell ging es so weiter, dass das Dingler-Archiv 1985 zum Philosophischen Archiv an der Universität Konstanz (PAUK) mutierte. Die Geschichte des PAUK nahm eine radikale Wende im Jahre 1990. Auf Konstanzer Seite ist wiederum Jürgen Mittelstraß die entscheidende Figur. Seit er 1975 einen Ruf an die Universität Pittsburgh erhalten (und abgelehnt) hatte, bestanden enge Kontakte zu dortigen Philosophen wie Nicholas Rescher, Adolf Grünbaum, Larry Laudan und Wesley Salmon. Diese führten 1990 auf Initiative von Gerald J. Massey, dem damaligen Direktor des „Center for Philsophy of Science“ zu einer offiziellen Kooperationsvereinbarung mit Pittsburgh. Diese sah unter anderem die Lieferung einer Kopie der Bestände der Pittsburgher „Archives for Scientific Philosophy“ (ASP) vor. Finanziell wurde das Unternehmen dadurch ermöglicht, dass Mittelstraß einen erheblichen Teil seines 1989 erhaltenen „Leibniz-Preises“ für die Mikroverfilmung einsetzte. Gleichzeitig wurde das PAUK nun ein Teil des von Mittelstraß 1990 gegründeten „Zentrums Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie" der Universität Konstanz.
Die Wende von 1990 führte auch zu einer Professionalisierung der Archivarbeit: 1991 übernahm Brigitte Uhlemann die Stelle einer Archivarin, die sie 28 Jahre lang, bis 2019 innehatte. In enger Zusammenarbeit mit dem Pittsburgher Archiv gestaltete sie den Übergang von der analogen zur digitalen Archivwelt, transkribierte stenographische Texte, ordnete neue Akquisitionen ein und verzeichnete sie, organisierte Tagungen im Zusammenhang mit den Archivbeständen und—last but not least—betreute in überaus engagierter und produktiver Weise die ständig wachsende Zahl der internationalen Archivbenutzer.
In den Jahren nach 1990 erfolgten wichtige Akquisitionen wie etwa die Nachlässe von Oskar Becker (1887-1964) und Paul Feyerabend (1924-1994). Die bisher letzte war der Nachlass des Logikers Georg Kreisel (1923-2015), den uns Paul Weingartner (Salzburg) im Jahre 2015 übergab. Die Erlanger Schule, womit alles begann, ist durch die Nachlässe von Wilhelm Kamlah (1905-1976) und Paul Lorenzen (1915-1994) sowie durch Vorlässe von Kuno Lorenz (1932*) und Friedrich Kambartel (1935*) präsent. Hinzu kommen Erwerbungen von Kopien aus anderen Archiven wie die „Archives for the History of Quantum Mechanics“ und der Nachlass Kurt Gödel (1906-1978).
Im Jahre 1996 wurde das PAUK organisatorisch in die Universitätsbibliothek Konstanz eingegliedert, um es vom Bestehen des Zentrums Philosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie unabhängig zu machen.
Gegenwärtig wird das Archiv vom Universitätsarchivar Daniel Wilhelm mitbetreut.
Weitere Lektüre
Heverly, W. (2005). Virtual repatriation: The Pittsburgh-Konstanz archival partnership. RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage, 6(1), 34-43.